![](Box.jpg)

Broc, [`commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cat_into_the_box.jpg`](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cat_into_the_box.jpg)


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Backups are easy.

~~~dot
digraph "" {

data [label="Data" shape=cylinder];
backup [label="Backup" shape=cylinder];

data -> backup [label="copy"];

}
~~~

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


The end. That's all you need to know about backups.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

OK, so there's a little more to it.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Challenges

* Full copy takes too long if you do it every time. **Incremental**
  backups only copy what's changed.

* A sequence of backups over time would be nice, but take up a lot of
  space without **de-duplication**.
  
* Storage is expensive, so **compression** would be nice.

* Backups can be stolen, so it'd be nice for them to be **encrypted**.

* Backups can be tampered with, so it'd be nice for them to be
  **authenticated** (digitally signed). Otherwise you don't know if
  you can trust the data you get when restoring.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Incremental backups

Compare live data against most recent backup. If file has hasn't
changed, assume the previous copy is still good and use that instead
of making a new copy.
  
- some assumptions are necessary here to get performance: simplified:
  if file size is the same and file modification time is the same, the
  file content probably hasn't changed
  
- not having to read and store every file every time is a huge time
  saver
  
- not having to store every file every time saves space, but that's
  less important than time savings

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# De-duplication

Store each distinct bit of data only once, across all backups.

Whole files is easy, but unsatisfactory.

Split files into smaller chunks for better performance, at some
expense of more book keeping overhead. Store each distinct chunk
separately.

Splitting by size (8 KiB?) is easy. Split using a rolling checksum for
handling inserted data, e.g., identical attachments in email spools.
Chunk ends when checksum has N lowest bits zero, or when it reaches a
certain size.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Compare chunks

Strong cryptographic checksum: SHA256?

- when do collisions matter?

Bit by bit.

- may have bad performance

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Compression

Lossless compression is easy. 

Low compression → really fast (faster than disk I/O).

Higher compression → more CPU, takes more time.

Lossy compression → replace every picture with the "Cat in a box"

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Encryption and authentication

Authenticated encryption. Roughly: encrypt data with one key, then
compute strong hash of ciphertext, and encrypt that with second key,
store both ciphertexts.

When restoring, decrypt encrypted hash, compare that to encrypted
data, and only if they match, decrypt data.

If stored chunk has been modified in any way, it's detected.

(Read details: 
[`en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption))

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Error correction

Detecting errors isn't enough. Sometimes backups deteriorate. Error
correcting codes would help. Or store each backup multiple times a la
RAID.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

~~~dot
digraph "" {

file1 [label="File 1" shape=tab];
file2 [label="File 2" shape=tab];
file3 [label="File 3" shape=tab];

chunk1 [label="Chunk 1" shape=box];
chunk2 [label="Chunk 2" shape=box];

backup [label="Backup process"];

backup1 [label="Backup 1: \n file 1, file 2, file 3" shape=note];
backup2 [label="Backup 2: \n file 1, file 2, file 3" shape=note];

file1 -> backup;
file2 -> backup;
file3 -> backup;

backup -> backup1;
backup -> backup2;

backup1 -> chunk1;
backup1 -> chunk2;

backup2 -> chunk1;
backup2 -> chunk2;

}
~~~


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Summary

Backups are easy.

~~~dot
digraph "" {

data [label="Data" shape=cylinder];
backup [label="Backup" shape=cylinder];

data -> backup [label="run tool"];

}
~~~

The end. That's all you need to know about backups.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Backups could be more easy

Backup tools need to be installed, configured, and used. Backup
storage needs to be arranged.

What if backups just happen without you needing to do anything?

~~~dot
digraph "" {

data [label="Data" shape=cylinder];
backup [label="Backup" shape=cylinder];

data -> backup [label="just happens"];

}
~~~

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# My current crazy idea: Peer to peer backups


Safe, secure, without having to provide separate backup space.

Backup software comes as port of the operating system by default, and
runs automatically, when data changes, in a way that doesn't bother
the user. (Feasible for Linux distributions. The rest of the world
will follow.)

You allow others to store some of their backups on your computer, and
they let you store some of yours on theirs.

Network effect: this works better the more people use it.

(Some details need to be sorted out.)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

~~~dot
digraph "" {

computer1 [label="Alice" shape=cylinder];
computer2 [label="Bob" shape=cylinder];
computer3 [label="Charlie" shape=cylinder];

computer1 -> computer2;
computer1 -> computer3;

computer2 -> computer1;
computer2 -> computer3;

computer3 -> computer2;


}
~~~


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Legalese

Copyright 2021 Lars Wirzenius

This content is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International ([CC BY-SA 4.0][]) licence.

[CC BY-SA 4.0]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


---
title: "Introduction to backup technology"
subtitle: "An opinionated view"
author: "Lars Wirzenius"
date: "2021-05-24"
...