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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBook HTML 1.0//EN">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Disks without filesystems</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="The Linux System Administrators' Guide"
+HREF="book1.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="Using Disks and Other Storage Media"
+HREF="c701.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Filesystems"
+HREF="x1029.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Allocating disk space"
+HREF="x1384.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>The Linux System Administrators' Guide</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x1029.html"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 4. Using Disks and Other Storage Media</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x1384.html"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECT1"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECT1"
+><A
+NAME="AEN1366"
+>Disks without filesystems</A
+></H1
+><P
+>Not all disks or partitions are used as filesystems.
+	A swap partition, for example, will not have a filesystem on it.
+	Many floppies are used in a tape-drive emulating fashion, so that
+	a <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>tar</B
+> or other file is written directly on
+	the raw disk, without a filesystem.  Linux boot floppies don't
+	contain a filesystem, only the raw kernel.</P
+><P
+>Avoiding a filesystem has the advantage of making more of
+	the disk usable, since a filesystem always has some bookkeeping
+	overhead.  It also makes the disks more easily compatible
+	with other systems: for example, the <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>tar</B
+>
+	file format is the same on all systems, while filesystems are
+	different on most systems.  You will quickly get used to disks
+	without filesystems if you need them.  Bootable Linux floppies
+	also do not necessarily have a filesystem, although that is
+	also possible.</P
+><P
+>One reason to use raw disks is to make image copies of them.
+	For instance, if the disk contains a partially damaged filesystem,
+	it is a good idea to make an exact copy of it before trying to
+	fix it, since then you can start again if your fixing breaks things
+	even more.  One way to do this is to use <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>dd</B
+>:
+
+<PRE
+CLASS="SCREEN"
+><TT
+CLASS="PROMPT"
+>$</TT
+> <TT
+CLASS="USERINPUT"
+><B
+>dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy-image</B
+></TT
+>
+<TT
+CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
+>2880+0 records in
+2880+0 records out</TT
+>
+<TT
+CLASS="PROMPT"
+>$</TT
+> <TT
+CLASS="USERINPUT"
+><B
+>dd if=floppy-image of=/dev/fd0H1440</B
+></TT
+>
+<TT
+CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
+>2880+0 records in
+2880+0 records out</TT
+>
+<TT
+CLASS="PROMPT"
+>$</TT
+></PRE
+>
+
+	The first <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>dd</B
+> makes an exact image of the
+	floppy to the file <TT
+CLASS="FILENAME"
+>floppy-image</TT
+>, the second
+	one writes the image to the floppy.  (The user has presumably
+	switched the floppy before the second command.	Otherwise the
+	command pair is of doubtful usefulness.)</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x1029.html"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="book1.html"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x1384.html"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Filesystems</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c701.html"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Allocating disk space</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
+\ No newline at end of file