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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBook HTML 1.0//EN">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Booting in single user mode</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="The Linux System Administrators' Guide"
+HREF="book1.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="init"
+HREF="c1705.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Special configuration in /etc/inittab"
+HREF="x1852.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Logging In And Out"
+HREF="c1905.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>The Linux System Administrators' Guide</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x1852.html"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 7. <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>init</B
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c1905.html"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECT1"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECT1"
+><A
+NAME="AEN1880"
+>Booting in single user mode</A
+></H1
+><P
+>An important run level is <I
+CLASS="GLOSSTERM"
+>single user mode</I
+> (run level 1),
+	in which only the system administrator is using the machine
+	and as few system services, including logins, as possible are
+	running. Single user mode is necessary for a few administrative
+	tasks,
+	
+		<A
+NAME="AEN1884"
+HREF="#FTN.AEN1884"
+>[1]</A
+>
+		
+	such as running <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>fsck</B
+> on a
+	<TT
+CLASS="FILENAME"
+>/usr</TT
+> partition, since this requires that
+	the partition be unmounted, and that can't happen, unless just
+	about all system services are killed.</P
+><P
+>A running system can be taken to single user mode by using
+	<B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>telinit</B
+> to request run level 1. At bootup,
+	it can be entered by giving the word <TT
+CLASS="LITERAL"
+>single</TT
+>
+	or <TT
+CLASS="LITERAL"
+>emergency</TT
+> on the kernel command line: the
+	kernel gives the command line to <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>init</B
+> as well,
+	and <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>init</B
+> understands from that word that it
+	shouldn't use the default run level. (The kernel command line is
+	entered in a way that depends on how you boot the system.)</P
+><P
+>Booting into single user mode is sometimes necessary so
+	that one can run <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>fsck</B
+> by hand, before anything
+	mounts or otherwise touches a broken <TT
+CLASS="FILENAME"
+>/usr</TT
+>
+	partition (any activity on a broken filesystem is likely to
+	break it more, so <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>fsck</B
+> should be run as soon
+	as possible).</P
+><P
+>The bootup scripts <B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>init</B
+> runs
+	will automatically enter single user mode, if the automatic
+	<B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>fsck</B
+> at bootup fails. This is an attempt to
+	prevent the system from using a filesystem that is so broken that
+	<B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>fsck</B
+> can't fix it automatically. Such breakage
+	is relatively rare, and usually involves a broken hard disk or an
+	experimental kernel release, but it's good to be prepared.</P
+><P
+>As a security measure, a properly configured system
+	will ask for the root password before starting the shell in
+	single user mode. Otherwise, it would be simple to just enter
+	a suitable line to LILO to get in as root. (This will break if
+	<TT
+CLASS="FILENAME"
+>/etc/passwd</TT
+> has been broken by filesystem
+	problems, of course, and in that case you'd better have a boot
+	floppy handy.)</P
+></DIV
+><H3
+>Notes</H3
+><TABLE
+BORDER="0"
+CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
+WIDTH="100%"
+><TR
+><TD
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+VALIGN="TOP"
+WIDTH="5%"
+><A
+NAME="FTN.AEN1884"
+HREF="x1880.html#AEN1884"
+>[1]</A
+></TD
+><TD
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+VALIGN="TOP"
+WIDTH="95%"
+><P
+>It probably shouldn't be used for playing
+		<B
+CLASS="COMMAND"
+>nethack</B
+>.</P
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x1852.html"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="book1.html"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c1905.html"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Special configuration in <TT
+CLASS="FILENAME"
+>/etc/inittab</TT
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c1705.html"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Logging In And Out</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
+\ No newline at end of file