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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00500000000000000000">Using Disks and Other Storage Media</A></H1>
<P>
<P>
<I>
On a clear disk you can seek forever. <BR>
</I><P>
<P>
When you install or upgrade your system, you need to do a fair
amount of work on your disks. You have to make filesystems on
your disks so that files can be
stored on them and reserve space for the different parts of
your system.
<P>
This chapter explains all these initial activities. Usually,
once you get your system set up, you won't have to go through
the work again, except for using floppies. You'll need to come
back to this chapter if you add a new disk or want to fine-tune
your disk usage.
<P>
The basic tasks in administering disks are:
<UL>
<LI>
Format your disk. This does various things to prepare it for
use, such as checking for bad sectors. (Formatting is nowadays
not necessary for most hard disks.)
<LI>
Partition a hard disk, if you want to use it for several
activities that aren't supposed to interfere with one another.
One reason for partitioning is to store different operating
systems on the same disk. Another reason is to keep user
files separate from system files, which simplifies back-ups
and helps protect the system files from corruption.
<LI>
Make a filesystem (of a suitable type) on each disk or partition.
The disk means
nothing to Linux until you make a filesystem; then files can
be created and accessed on it.
<LI>
Mount different filesystems to form a single tree structure, either
automatically, or manually as needed. (Manually mounted filesystems
usually need to be unmounted manually as well.)
<P>
</UL>
<P>
Chapter <A HREF="node59.html#chapmem">5</A> contains information about virtual memory
and disk caching, of which you also need to be aware when using
disks.
<P>
This chapter explains what you need to know for hard disks,
floppies, CD-ROM's, and tape drives.
<P>
<BR> <HR>
<UL><A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"> </A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html642" HREF="node29.html#SECTION00510000000000000000">Two kinds of devices</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html643" HREF="node30.html#SECTION00520000000000000000">Hard disks</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html644" HREF="node31.html#SECTION00530000000000000000">Floppies</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html645" HREF="node32.html#SECTION00540000000000000000">CD-ROM's</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html646" HREF="node33.html#SECTION00550000000000000000">Tapes</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html647" HREF="node34.html#SECTION00560000000000000000">Formatting</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html648" HREF="node35.html#SECTION00570000000000000000">Partitions</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html649" HREF="node36.html#SECTION00571000000000000000">The MBR, boot sectors and partition table</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html650" HREF="node37.html#SECTION00572000000000000000">Extended and logical partitions</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html651" HREF="node38.html#SECTION00573000000000000000">Partition types</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html652" HREF="node39.html#SECTION00574000000000000000">Partitioning a hard disk</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html653" HREF="node40.html#SECTION00575000000000000000">Device files and partitions</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html654" HREF="node41.html#SECTION00580000000000000000">Filesystems</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html655" HREF="node42.html#SECTION00581000000000000000">What are filesystems?</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html656" HREF="node43.html#SECTION00582000000000000000">Filesystems galore</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html657" HREF="node44.html#SECTION00583000000000000000">Which filesystem should be used?</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html658" HREF="node45.html#SECTION00584000000000000000">Creating a filesystem</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html659" HREF="node46.html#SECTION00585000000000000000">Mounting and unmounting</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html660" HREF="node47.html#SECTION00586000000000000000">Checking filesystem integrity with <tt>fsck</tt></A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html661" HREF="node48.html#SECTION00587000000000000000">Checking for disk errors with <tt>badblocks</tt></A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html662" HREF="node49.html#SECTION00588000000000000000">Fighting fragmentation</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html663" HREF="node50.html#SECTION00589000000000000000">Other tools for all filesystems</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html664" HREF="node51.html#SECTION005810000000000000000">Other tools for the ext2 filesystem</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html665" HREF="node52.html#SECTION00590000000000000000">Disks without filesystems</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html666" HREF="node53.html#SECTION005100000000000000000">Allocating disk space</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html667" HREF="node54.html#SECTION005101000000000000000">Partitioning schemes</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html668" HREF="node55.html#SECTION005102000000000000000">Space requirements</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html669" HREF="node56.html#SECTION005103000000000000000">Examples of hard disk allocation</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html670" HREF="node57.html#SECTION005104000000000000000">Adding more disk space for Linux</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html671" HREF="node58.html#SECTION005105000000000000000">Tips for saving disk space</A>
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<P><ADDRESS>
<I>Lars Wirzenius <BR>
Sat Nov 15 02:32:11 EET 1997</I>
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