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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBook HTML 1.0//EN">
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><DIV
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><H1
><A
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>Chapter 10. Backups</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c2187.html#AEN2193"
>On the importance of being backed up</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x2206.html"
>Selecting the backup medium</A
></DT
><DT
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>Selecting the backup tool</A
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>Simple backups</A
></DT
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>Multilevel backups</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x2405.html"
>What to back up</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x2417.html"
>Compressed backups</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><BLOCKQUOTE
><P
><P
CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT"
>Hardware is indeterministically reliable. <br>
Software is deterministically unreliable.<br>
People are indeterministically unreliable.<br>
Nature is deterministically reliable.</P
></P
></BLOCKQUOTE
><P
> This chapter explains about why, how, and when to make
backups, and how to restore things from backups.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2193"
>On the importance of being backed up</A
></H1
><P
> Your data is valuable. It will cost you time and effort
re-create it, and that costs money or at least personal grief
and tears; sometimes it can't even be re-created, e.g., if it
is the results of some experiments. Since it is an investment,
you should protect it and take steps to avoid losing it. </P
><P
> There are basically four reasons why you might lose data:
hardware failures, software bugs, human action, or natural
disasters.
<A
NAME="AEN2197"
HREF="#FTN.AEN2197"
>[1]</A
>
Although modern hardware tends to be quite reliable, it can
still break seemingly spontaneously. The most critical piece
of hardware for storing data is the hard disk, which relies on
tiny magnetic fields remaining intact in a world filled with
electromagnetic noise. Modern software doesn't even tend to
be reliable; a rock solid program is an exception, not a rule.
Humans are quite unreliable, they will either make a mistake, or
they will be malicious and destroy data on purpose. Nature might
not be evil, but it can wreak havoc even when being good. All in
all, it is a small miracle that anything works at all. </P
><P
> Backups are a way to protect the investment in data.
By having several copies of the data, it does not matter as much
if one is destroyed (the cost is only that of the restoration
of the lost data from the backup). </P
><P
> It is important to do backups properly. Like everything
else that is related to the physical world, backups will fail
sooner or later. Part of doing backups well is to make sure
they work; you don't want to notice that your backups didn't work.
<A
NAME="AEN2201"
HREF="#FTN.AEN2201"
>[2]</A
>
Adding insult to injury, you might have a bad crash just as
you're making the backup; if you have only one backup medium,
it might destroyed as well, leaving you with the smoking ashes
of hard work.
<A
NAME="AEN2203"
HREF="#FTN.AEN2203"
>[3]</A
>
Or you might notice, when trying to restore, that you forgot to
back up something important, like the user database on a 15000
user site. Best of all, all your backups might be working
perfectly, but the last known tape drive reading the kind of
tapes you used was the one that now has a bucketful of water
in it. </P
><P
> When it comes to backups, paranoia is in the job
description. </P
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
>Notes</H3
><TABLE
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><A
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>[1]</A
></TD
><TD
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WIDTH="95%"
><P
>The fifth reason is ``something
else''.</P
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
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WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN2201"
HREF="c2187.html#AEN2201"
>[2]</A
></TD
><TD
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VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>Don't laugh. This has happened to
several people.</P
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN2203"
HREF="c2187.html#AEN2203"
>[3]</A
></TD
><TD
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WIDTH="95%"
><P
>Been there, done that...</P
></TD
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